Knock Knees – Treatable Paediatric Deformity

What are Knock Knees?

“Knock Knees” are a condition where the knees touch each other and ankles are wide apart. This results in an angular deformity of the entire lower limb. It can occur on one side or both sides. Most cases develop during late childhood and early adolescence. Very rarely it may be present at birth.

How does “knock knees” develop?

There is an unequal growth cartilage(physis) present in the lower part of the thigh bone and upper part of the leg bone. The physis can get damaged due to trauma (fracture), Infection (osteomyelitis), radiation or most commonly due to nutritional deficiency of Vitamin D (rickets).

What is the treatment?

Some cases can undergo spontaneous correction, usually in toddlers. In adolescents, correction usually requires surgery-growth modulation (guided growth) or corrective osteotomy (the bone is cut and realigned to its correct position).

Can physiotherapy or special shoes/braces help in correcting the deformity?

No. Physiotherapy can only help to improve muscle strength  and walking balance, while special shoes/braces may help to prevent the worsening of the deformity in certain cases.

What is the modern method of treating “knock knees”?

Guided growth or growth modulation is a relatively minimally invasive procedure, where a small plate and screws are inserted across the growth cartilage to guide its growth during the preadolescent or early adolescent age. After a few months/years, once the leg alignment gets corrected, the plates are removed.

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KNOW WHAT TO DO IN GOLDEN HOUR OF HEART ATTACK

The first hour after the onset of a heart attack is called the golden hour. This concept is extremely important to understand because most deaths and cardiac arrests occur during this period. However, if the person reaches the hospital and gets treated within this period he/she can expect near-complete recovery. It is a critical time. Heart attack is caused when a clot completely blocks a blood vessel in the heart. Heart muscle starts to die within 80-90 minutes after it stops getting blood and within six hours almost all the affected parts of the heart could be irreversibly damaged. So, the faster normal blood flow is re-established, the lesser would be the damage to the heart. Once you are at the hospital, the doctors will try to get rid of the clot, either with the help of a very powerful clot buster medicine or with a procedure called primary angioplasty. Primary angioplasty is the preferred therapy in most scenarios. In primary angioplasty a stent is deployed in the blocked artery to open up the blood flow.

It’s not the heart attack itself that kills, it is also the time wasted when one is trying to decide whether or not to got to the hospital

 

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Kidney Diseases and their treatment

What are some common symptoms of Kidney Disease?

Common signs of kidney disease may be decreased urine output, swelling in your legs, ankles or feet, shortness of breath, fatigue, confusion, nausea & weakness.

Which tests are done to detect Kidney disease?

A urine routine examination and serum creatinine on a 3 month or 6 month basis for people above the age of 40 can help with early detection of kidney problems.

Who are the greater risk of Kidney Problems?

People above the age of 40 who are suffering from diabetes, hypertension, have a family history of kidney disease, past history of kidney stones or smoking or if you are on painkillers for a very long period of time.

How to keep Kidneys healthy?

A healthy diet, exercise, maintaining right levels of blood pressure, monitoring sugar levels and quitting smoking habits can keep the kidneys healthy.

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Corneal Cystinosis

Cystinosis:

  • The eyes are the second most commonly affected extra-renal organ, with cystine crystal deposits in the corneas.
  • Cystine crystals can be  observed in the cornea after age 1.5-2 years and are diagnostic of cystinosis.
  • Pigmentary retinopathy consisting of patches of depigmentation may sometime be present as an early ocular finding and can result in impaired color vision and impaired night vision.
  • Progressive retinopathy and band keratopathy occur later in life in patients not treated with cysteamine eye drops.

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Joint Replacement

What is the role of navigation or computer assisted surgery in joint replacement?

Computer assisted joint replacement is supposed to increase the precision of the surgery but the single most important factor still remains the expertise of the surgeon and his or her experience.

What is the correct age of joint replacement?

Joint replacement is the surgery to uplift the quality if life and to restore painless and stable movement. It should be done whenever it is needed. One must understand that painless and stable movement is needed most for a person to continue his social, professional & personal life. Joint replacement are done on as young as 25 years and as old as 85 years. Mostly people who undergo joint replacement at young ages are people who have some kind of genetic arthritis like ankylosing, spondylitis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

How long does joint replacement last?

Joint replacement last ranging from 20 to 25 years. In case of knee it is generally a cemented implant and in hip it can be both cemented and uncemented. Uncemented implants may last longer than cemented implants. Another thing that must be understood that longevity of any implant is technic dependent, precision dependent and hence the perfection of the surgery is of paramount importance.

Which is the best implant for knee replacement?

Whilst all implant that are used are of international quality. With follow-up and survivorship data there is probably nothing called best implant. ONE must understand that the performance of the implant and survivorship are much technique dependent and expertise of the surgeon.

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New age Stent revolutionising Heart Treatment

Heart attack or myocardial infarction and other coronary artery disease are common among many people that too at a time when they are quite young, unlike the cases in European other Western nations. To treat this diseases a stent is implanted, which acts as “scaffold”. It is a metallic structure  that remains in the coronary bed till the rest of their lives.

Angioplasty with stent placement

Since it stays permanently, the stent can create problems like thrombosis and restenosis. The reintervention in the stented segment is difficult because of the metallic milieu. If stents are placed in the distal bed, there a surgeon puts a graft, it is difficult to suture those grafts. Now, we can resort to bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BRS), which is a unique, “vanishing stent” or a “dissolving stent”. There is no need for a permanent metallic scaffold inside the coronary artery. Now the coronary arteries get their vasomotion back after a certain period of time, when these scaffolds are dissolved by its own natural process inside the human body thus leaving the artery back to its normal state. The innovation concept was brought forth by research and development. Previously a similar device which had limitation to design. The current available scaffold is the worlds first thinnest scaffold with a unique user-friendly design. It is easy to deliver and deploy like regular stents. It’s safety and efficacy are proven in small clinical trials and more studies are planned ahead. This novel strut, BRS, is an innovative solution and it is helping lot of patients to lead a better and healthy life.

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Cancer Immunotherapy

Combating Colorectal Cancer

Combating Colorectal Cancer is easier with screening tests at regular intervals: Doctor

Colorectal cancer screening has become common and a good reason to prevent many lives from being lost. If people, who are 50 years of age or above, are screened regularly, about 60% of deaths from cancer could be avoided. Among cancer that effect both men and women, colorectal cancer (cancer of colon or rectum) is the third-most common cancer among men worldwide. Globally colon cancer cases are among the top five most frequent cases reported.

What are the symptoms of Colorectal cancer?

Precancerous polyps and colorectal cancer don’t always cause symptoms, especially at first. You could have polyps or colorectal cancer and not know it. That is why having a screening test is so important. Symptoms for colorectal cancer may include:

  • Blood in or on the stool.
  • Stomach pain, aches, or cramps that do not go away.
  • Loosing weight and not know the reason

The symptoms may be caused by diseases other than cancer. If you have any of these symptoms, the only way to know what is causing them is to see your doctor.

SEVERAL TESTS ARE THERE TO SCREEN FOR CANCER OF THE COLON OR RECTUM. SOME ARE USED AS A SINGLE METHOD AND SOME AS A COMBINATION OF TWO

What are the screening tests for colorectal cancer?

Several tests are available to screen for colorectal cancer. Some are used as a single method while others are used in combination with two or more methods. Talk with your Doctor about which test or tests are best for you. The USPSTF recommends these tests:

  • Colonoscopy (every 10 years)
  • High sensitivity faecal occult blood test (FOBT), also known as a stool test (every year)
  • Flexible sigmoidoscopy (every five years) with high-sensitivity FOBT (every 3 years)

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Indian Medical Tourism- A blend of health and holiday

Medical Tourism has become a perfect way for people to blend in the need of medical treatment and services along with a vacation. Various countries in the world are known for the different medical treatments, facilities and services. One such country that has gained the attention of medical tourists worldwide is India.

A brief look at the Indian Medical tourism market in India
India has always been a favorable destination for foreigners. The country is rich with different types of cultures and traditions. The Indian holiday is an adventure that many people want to experience at least once in their life.
Apart from the above-mentioned point, the country has made a significant mark for its medical practices and services. Expert predictions clearly point out to the fact that Indian Medical Tourism market is one of the booming sectors of the country that is on the rise.
If you compare the cost of healthcare services in India to any other country, the rates will differ anywhere between 40%-80%. The low healthcare costs with high class medical services that are on par with the International Standards make the country a budget friendly option for medical tourists.

The flexibility and benefit of getting top-notch medical treatments
One of the best parts about opting for medical treatments in India is that you get quality medical services and facilities within your budget. It gives you the opportunity to enjoy a holiday, get the necessary medical attention that you need and save money as well.
Every year, the private hospitals in India are filled with medical tourists who come down to the country for different types of treatments. If you look at the services and facilities offered by the top hospitals in the country, you will find that it is on par with the healthcare facilities you would find in Britain or America. In comparison to the any other Asian country, the Indian Healthcare system is a lot superior and better.

Spending time to enhance your wellness
Apart from medical services, a person can also opt for various traditional wellness services and facilities. We have some of the best wellness resorts and retreats across the country that houses different wellness practices and forms.
From short term stays to long term stays, the country offers a wide range of wellness centric packages. People from different parts of the world come to India not only to cater to their health but also take care of their wellness.

The blend of a perfect holiday
Since the healthcare costs in India is so low, a person has the chance of enjoying a perfect holiday apart from availing the medical treatment that he or she desire and still save a little extra money. There are so many things to do when you visit India. Each state has its own beauty, importance and significance. You can enjoy your Indian Vacation touring the different cities and enjoying the various cultures all within a set budget.
There are so many places to see and different kinds of activities for people of all ages when you travel to India. From Adventure sports to cultural tours and activities or even religious practices and rituals, you can find it all when you enjoy your vacation in India.

A destination worth considering in every way
India is by far not only a great destination to visit for your holiday but it is also the best destinations you can consider for your healthcare needs. With so many different types of treatments, practices, services and facilities available for you, you can be sure that you will get your money’s worth in every way.